Common elements

The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football: carrying codes like American football,
Canadian football, Australian football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown, and
kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football, where the ball is moved primarily with the feet, and where handling is strictly limited

Common rules among the sports include.

• Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
• A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
• Scoring goalsor points by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
• Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
• The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
• Players using only their body to move the ball.

In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking. In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of
players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts.